Single sign-on SAML protocol

2024-11-29

This article covers the SAML 2.0 authentication requests and responses that Microsoft Entra ID supports for single sign-on (SSO).

The following protocol diagram describes the single sign-on sequence. The cloud service (the service provider) uses an HTTP Redirect binding to pass an AuthnRequest (authentication request) element to Microsoft Entra ID (the identity provider). Microsoft Entra ID then uses an HTTP post binding to post a Response element to the cloud service.

Screenshot of the Single Sign-On (SSO) Workflow.

Note

This article discusses using SAML for single sign-on. For more information on other ways to handle single sign-on (for example, by using OpenID Connect or integrated Windows authentication), see Single sign-on to applications in Microsoft Entra ID.

AuthnRequest

To request a user authentication, cloud services send an AuthnRequest element to Microsoft Entra ID. A sample SAML 2.0 AuthnRequest could look like the following example:

<samlp:AuthnRequest
  xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:metadata"
  ID="C2dE3fH4iJ5kL6mN7oP8qR9sT0uV1w"
  Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2013-03-18T03:28:54.1839884Z"
  xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol">
  <Issuer xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">https://www.contoso.com</Issuer>
</samlp:AuthnRequest>

Parameter	Type	Description
`ID`	Required	Microsoft Entra ID uses this attribute to populate the `InResponseTo` attribute of the returned response. ID must not begin with a number, so a common strategy is to prepend a string like "ID" to the string representation of a GUID. For example, `id6c1c178c166d486687be4aaf5e482730` is a valid ID.
`Version`	Required	This parameter should be set to `2.0`.
`IssueInstant`	Required	This is a DateTime string with a UTC value and round-trip format ("o"). Microsoft Entra ID expects a DateTime value of this type, but doesn't evaluate or use the value.
`AssertionConsumerServiceURL`	Optional	If provided, this parameter must match the `RedirectUri` of the cloud service in Microsoft Entra ID. Entra ID will honor the ACS URL if it is present in the SAML Request.
`ForceAuthn`	Optional	This is a boolean value. If true, it means that the user will be forced to reauthenticate, even if they have a valid session with Microsoft Entra ID.
`IsPassive`	Optional	This is a boolean value that specifies whether Microsoft Entra ID should authenticate the user silently, without user interaction, using the session cookie if one exists. If this is true, Microsoft Entra ID attempts to authenticate the user using the session cookie.

All other AuthnRequest attributes, such as Consent, Destination, and ProviderName are ignored.

Microsoft Entra ID also ignores the Conditions element in AuthnRequest.

Issuer

The Issuer element in an AuthnRequest must exactly match one of the ServicePrincipalNames in the cloud service in Microsoft Entra ID. Typically, this is set to the App ID URI that is specified during application registration.

A SAML excerpt containing the Issuer element looks like the following sample:

<Issuer xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">https://www.contoso.com</Issuer>

NameIDPolicy

This element requests a particular name ID format in the response and is optional in AuthnRequest elements sent to Microsoft Entra ID.

A NameIdPolicy element looks like the following sample:

<NameIDPolicy Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:persistent"/>

If NameIDPolicy is provided, you can include its optional Format attribute. The Format attribute can have only one of the following values; any other value results in an error.

urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:persistent: Microsoft Entra ID issues the NameID claim as a pairwise identifier.
urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:emailAddress: Microsoft Entra ID issues the NameID claim in e-mail address format.
urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:unspecified: This value permits Microsoft Entra ID to select the claim format. Microsoft Entra ID issues the NameID claim as a pairwise identifier.
urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:nameid-format:transient: Microsoft Entra ID issues the NameID claim as a randomly generated value that is unique to the current SSO operation. This means that the value is temporary and can't be used to identify the authenticating user.

If SPNameQualifier is specified, Microsoft Entra ID includes the same SPNameQualifier in the response.

Microsoft Entra ID ignores the AllowCreate attribute.

RequestedAuthnContext

The RequestedAuthnContext element specifies the desired authentication methods. It's optional in AuthnRequest elements sent to Microsoft Entra ID.

Note

If the RequestedAuthnContext is included in the SAML request, the Comparison element must be set to exact.

Microsoft Entra ID supports following AuthnContextClassRef values.

Authentication method	Authentication context class URI
Kerberos	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:Kerberos
User name and password	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:Password
PGP Public Key Infrastructure	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:PGP
Secure Remote Password	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:SecureRemotePassword
XML Digital Signature	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:XMLDSig
Simple public-key infrastructure	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:SPKI
Smartcard	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:Smartcard
Smartcard with enclosed private key and a PIN	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:SmartcardPKI
Transport Layer Security (TLS) client	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:TLSClient
Unspecified	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:Unspecified
X.509 certificate	urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:X509
Integrated Windows authentication	urn:federation:authentication:windows

Scoping

The Scoping element, which includes a list of identity providers, is optional in AuthnRequest elements sent to Microsoft Entra ID.

If provided, don't include the ProxyCount attribute, IDPListOption or RequesterID element, as they aren't supported.

Signature

A Signature element in AuthnRequest elements is optional. Microsoft Entra ID can be configured to enforce the requirement of signed authentication requests. If enabled, only signed authentication requests are accepted, otherwise the requestor verification is provided for by only responding to registered Assertion Consumer Service URLs.

Subject

Don't include a Subject element. Microsoft Entra ID doesn't support specifying a subject in AuthnRequest and will return an error if one is provided.

A subject can instead be provided by adding a login_hint parameter to the HTTP request to the single sign-on URL, with the subject's NameID as the parameter value.

Response

When a requested sign-on completes successfully, Microsoft Entra ID posts a response to the cloud service. A response to a successful sign-on attempt looks like the following sample:

<samlp:Response ID="_a4958bfd-e107-4e67-b06d-0d85ade2e76a" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2013-03-18T07:38:15.144Z" Destination="https://contoso.com/identity/inboundsso.aspx" InResponseTo="C2dE3fH4iJ5kL6mN7oP8qR9sT0uV1w" xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol">
  <Issuer xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"> https://login.microsoftonline.com/aaaabbbb-0000-cccc-1111-dddd2222eeee/</Issuer>
  <SignatureValue xmlns:ds="https://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
    ...
  </SignatureValue>
  <samlp:Status>
    <samlp:StatusCode Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Success" />
  </samlp:Status>
  <Assertion ID="_bf9c623d-cc20-407a-9a59-c2d0aee84d12" IssueInstant="2013-03-18T07:38:15.144Z" Version="2.0" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">
    <Issuer>https://login.microsoftonline.com/aaaabbbb-0000-cccc-1111-dddd2222eeee/</Issuer>
    <SignatureValue xmlns:ds="https://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
      ...
    </SignatureValue>
    <Subject>
      <NameID>Uz2Pqz1X7pxe4XLWxV9KJQ+n59d573SepSAkuYKSde8=</NameID>
      <SubjectConfirmation Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer">
        <SubjectConfirmationData InResponseTo="id758d0ef385634593a77bdf7e632984b6" NotOnOrAfter="2013-03-18T07:43:15.144Z" Recipient="https://contoso.com/identity/inboundsso.aspx" />
      </SubjectConfirmation>
    </Subject>
    <Conditions NotBefore="2013-03-18T07:38:15.128Z" NotOnOrAfter="2013-03-18T08:48:15.128Z">
      <AudienceRestriction>
        <Audience>https://www.contoso.com</Audience>
      </AudienceRestriction>
    </Conditions>
    <AttributeStatement>
      <Attribute Name="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name">
        <AttributeValue>testuser@contoso.com</AttributeValue>
      </Attribute>
      <Attribute Name="http://schemas.microsoft.com/identity/claims/objectidentifier">
        <AttributeValue>3F2504E0-4F89-11D3-9A0C-0305E82C3301</AttributeValue>
      </Attribute>
      ...
    </AttributeStatement>
    <AuthnStatement AuthnInstant="2013-03-18T07:33:56.000Z" SessionIndex="_bf9c623d-cc20-407a-9a59-c2d0aee84d12">
      <AuthnContext>
        <AuthnContextClassRef> urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:Password</AuthnContextClassRef>
      </AuthnContext>
    </AuthnStatement>
  </Assertion>
</samlp:Response>

Response

The Response element includes the result of the authorization request. Microsoft Entra ID sets the ID, Version and IssueInstant values in the Response element. It also sets the following attributes:

Destination: When sign on completes successfully, this is set to the RedirectUri of the service provider (cloud service).
InResponseTo: This is set to the ID attribute of the AuthnRequest element that initiated the response.

Issuer

Microsoft Entra ID sets the Issuer element to https://sts.windows.net/<TenantIDGUID>/ where <TenantIDGUID> is the tenant ID of the Microsoft Entra tenant.

For example, a response with Issuer element could look like the following sample:

<Issuer xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion"> https://sts.windows.net/aaaabbbb-0000-cccc-1111-dddd2222eeee/</Issuer>

Status

The Status element conveys the success or failure of sign-on. It includes the StatusCode element, which contains a code or a set of nested codes that represents the status of the request. It also includes the StatusMessage element, which contains custom error messages that are generated during the sign-on process.

The following sample is a SAML response to an unsuccessful sign-on attempt.

<samlp:Response ID="_f0961a83-d071-4be5-a18c-9ae7b22987a4" Version="2.0" IssueInstant="2013-03-18T08:49:24.405Z" InResponseTo="iddce91f96e56747b5ace6d2e2aa9d4f8c" xmlns:samlp="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:protocol">
  <Issuer xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion">https://sts.windows.net/aaaabbbb-0000-cccc-1111-dddd2222eeee/</Issuer>
  <samlp:Status>
    <samlp:StatusCode Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:Requester">
      <samlp:StatusCode Value="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:status:RequestUnsupported" />
    </samlp:StatusCode>
    <samlp:StatusMessage>AADSTS75006: An error occurred while processing a SAML2 Authentication request. AADSTS90011: The SAML authentication request property 'NameIdentifierPolicy/SPNameQualifier' is not supported.
    Trace ID: 0000aaaa-11bb-cccc-dd22-eeeeee333333
    Timestamp: 2013-03-18 08:49:24Z</samlp:StatusMessage>
    </samlp:Status>
</samlp:Response>

Assertion

In addition to the ID, IssueInstant and Version, Microsoft Entra ID sets the following elements in the Assertion element of the response.

Issuer

This is set to https://sts.windows.net/<TenantIDGUID>/where <TenantIDGUID> is the Tenant ID of the Microsoft Entra tenant.

<Issuer>https://sts.windows.net/aaaabbbb-0000-cccc-1111-dddd2222eeee/</Issuer>

Signature

Microsoft Entra ID signs the assertion in response to a successful sign-on. The Signature element contains a digital signature that the cloud service can use to authenticate the source to verify the integrity of the assertion.

To generate this digital signature, Microsoft Entra ID uses the signing key in the IDPSSODescriptor element of its metadata document.

<SignatureValue xmlns:ds="https://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
  digital_signature_here
</SignatureValue>

Subject

This specifies the principle that is the subject of the statements in the assertion. It contains a NameID element, which represents the authenticated user. The NameID value is a targeted identifier that is directed only to the service provider that is the audience for the token. It is persistent - it can be revoked, but is never reassigned. It is also opaque, in that it does not reveal anything about the user and cannot be used as an identifier for attribute queries.

The Method attribute of the SubjectConfirmation element is always set to urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer.

<Subject>
  <NameID>Uz2Pqz1X7pxe4XLWxV9KJQ+n59d573SepSAkuYKSde8=</NameID>
  <SubjectConfirmation Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:bearer">
    <SubjectConfirmationData InResponseTo="id758d0ef385634593a77bdf7e632984b6" NotOnOrAfter="2013-03-18T07:43:15.144Z" Recipient="https://contoso.com/identity/inboundsso.aspx" />
  </SubjectConfirmation>
</Subject>

Conditions

This element specifies conditions that define the acceptable use of SAML assertions.

<Conditions NotBefore="2013-03-18T07:38:15.128Z" NotOnOrAfter="2013-03-18T08:48:15.128Z">
  <AudienceRestriction>
    <Audience>https://www.contoso.com</Audience>
  </AudienceRestriction>
</Conditions>

The NotBefore and NotOnOrAfter attributes specify the interval during which the assertion is valid.

The value of the NotBefore attribute is equal to or slightly (less than a second) later than the value of IssueInstant attribute of the Assertion element. Microsoft Entra ID does not account for any time difference between itself and the cloud service (service provider), and does not add any buffer to this time.
The value of the NotOnOrAfter attribute is 70 minutes later than the value of the NotBefore attribute.

Audience

This contains a URI that identifies an intended audience. Microsoft Entra ID sets the value of this element to the value of Issuer element of the AuthnRequest that initiated the sign-on. To evaluate the Audience value, use the value of the App ID URI that was specified during application registration.

<AudienceRestriction>
  <Audience>https://www.contoso.com</Audience>
</AudienceRestriction>

Like the Issuer value, the Audience value must exactly match one of the service principal names that represents the cloud service in Microsoft Entra ID. However, if the value of the Issuer element is not a URI value, the Audience value in the response is the Issuer value prefixed with spn:.

AttributeStatement

This contains claims about the subject or user. The following excerpt contains a sample AttributeStatement element. The ellipsis indicates that the element can include multiple attributes and attribute values.

<AttributeStatement>
  <Attribute Name="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name">
    <AttributeValue>testuser@contoso.com</AttributeValue>
  </Attribute>
  <Attribute Name="http://schemas.microsoft.com/identity/claims/objectidentifier">
    <AttributeValue>3F2504E0-4F89-11D3-9A0C-0305E82C3301</AttributeValue>
  </Attribute>
  ...
</AttributeStatement>

Name Claim - The value of the Name attribute (http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name) is the user principal name of the authenticated user, such as testuser@managedtenant.com.
ObjectIdentifier Claim - The value of the ObjectIdentifier attribute (http://schemas.microsoft.com/identity/claims/objectidentifier) is the ObjectId of the directory object that represents the authenticated user in Microsoft Entra ID. ObjectId is an immutable, globally unique, and reuse safe identifier of the authenticated user.

AuthnStatement

This element asserts that the assertion subject was authenticated by a particular means at a particular time.

The AuthnInstant attribute specifies the time at which the user authenticated with Microsoft Entra ID.
The AuthnContext element specifies the authentication context used to authenticate the user.

<AuthnStatement AuthnInstant="2013-03-18T07:33:56.000Z" SessionIndex="_bf9c623d-cc20-407a-9a59-c2d0aee84d12">
  <AuthnContext>
    <AuthnContextClassRef> urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:Password</AuthnContextClassRef>
  </AuthnContext>
</AuthnStatement>

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Single sign-on SAML protocol

AuthnRequest

Issuer

NameIDPolicy

RequestedAuthnContext

Scoping

Signature

Subject

Response

Response

Issuer

Status

Assertion

Issuer

Signature

Subject

Conditions

Audience

AttributeStatement

AuthnStatement

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