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Microsoft Graph does not offer any endpoint in v1.0 or beta that provides GPS or network-based location data for users. This restriction is intentional to protect user privacy and prevent exposure of real-world location information through Graph APIs.
If the device is enrolled in Microsoft Intune, location data can be accessed using Intune device management APIs. You can trigger a location request using the following endpoint:
POST /deviceManagement/managedDevices/{managedDeviceId}/locateDevice
The response includes the deviceGeoLocation resource, which provides latitude, longitude, timestamp, accuracy, and speed. These APIs are intended for managed device scenarios such as locating a lost device or assisting with administrative troubleshooting. They require an active Intune license and the DeviceManagementManagedDevices.PrivilegedOperations.All permission.    
References:   
- locateDevice action - Microsoft Graph v1.0 | Microsoft Learn.
- deviceGeoLocation resource type - Microsoft Graph v1.0 | Microsoft Learn.
For Microsoft Teams apps, you can request the user's location using the getLocation() API from the Teams JavaScript SDK. This works across desktop, web, and mobile platforms, but only provides real-time location with explicit user consent. It does not support background or historical tracking and is not part of Microsoft Graph. This is a client-side capability intended for interactive use cases.   
Reference: Add Location Capability with TeamsJS - Teams | Microsoft Learn.  
At this time, there is no documentation indicating that support for accessing users' real-world location via Microsoft Graph is planned for the future.
I hope this information is helpful.
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