Hello, thank you for reaching out to Microsoft Q&A.
May I please know if you have any other Verification method, such as a recovery email address, other than your Phone number, to verify your Identity?
Try connecting your device to a different Wi-Fi network, such as a Mobile hotspot network, then open a private/incognito tab on any web browser and use the following link to reset your password.
https://account.live.com/ResetPassword.aspx
If you receive the same error, then you will have to try the Account recovery form to recover your account.
Detailed steps on how to use the Account Recovery Form can be found here:
Help with the Microsoft account recovery form
Remember to use a familiar device from which you've frequently accessed your Microsoft account, as well as a familiar location. Microsoft will review your responses and respond within 24 hours. If you are verified, instructions on how to log back into your account will be sent to you, and if you are not verified, you will need to submit the Account Recovery form again. You can do this up to 2 times every 24 hours.
Let me know if you still need more help.