That certainly sounds like a TLS problem. That build of SQL 2008 R2 should support TLS 1.2, but what about the operating system SQL Server is running on?
It is worth mentioning that SQL Server 2008 R2 did not originally support TLS 1.2, and nor was TLS 1.2 support included in SP3, the last service pack (as TLS 1.2 was not yet defined by then), but this came in a later build. The version number you post is beyond that point, but you may want to double-check.